Modernism is one of the most well-known and widely-appreciated styles of architecture globally. To be clear, the term “modernism” in the context of architecture does not refer to the style of buildings constructed today; rather, it refers to a movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was characterised by a move away from ornamental forms in favour of a focus on functionality and the incorporation of new materials and techniques. Becoming a dominating style after WWII, It was an effort to forsake old forms in favour of more forward-thinking ones that expressed modern social, technical, and cultural advances. The name “International Modernism” or “International Style” was coined after the groundbreaking 1932 exhibition of modernist architecture at New York’s Museum of Modern Art, co- curated by Philip Johnson and Henry-Russell Hitchcock.
By questioning canonical norms and opening up to experimental new forms of expression, modernism had a profound impact on the built environment.
Some defining features of modernist architecture are:
- Use of clean lines and geometric shapes.
- Absence of ornamentation
- Incorporation of new materials such as steel and glass.
- Open Floor Plans: Spaces are often fluid and unpartitioned, representing a break from the more compartmentalised layouts of the past.
- Modernist architecture often eschews regional and historical design references in favour of a more universal and international aesthetic
- Honest Expression of Structure: Unlike some previous styles where structural elements might be hidden, in Modernism, there’s often an honest expression of the building’s structure and materials.
- Integration with Nature: Especially in the works of architects like Frank Lloyd Wright, there’s a conscious effort to harmonise buildings with their surroundings.
These design concepts produced buildings that prioritised functionality over aesthetics and were sleek and efficient.
As a consequence of the rise of factories and mass production during the Industrial Revolution, new values arose, with an emphasis on efficiency and pragmatism. Moreover, the accessibility of modern materials and construction techniques allowed architects to explore unconventional concepts that were previously out of reach. Architects began experimenting with materials such as steel, glass, and concrete, which offered greater flexibility and durability compared to traditional building materials.
The prominent German architectural school Bauhaus was founded by Walter Gropius, an early advocate of modern architecture. The Bauhaus encouraged its pupils to experiment with new ways of learning by forsaking more conventional approaches. The long-term trajectory of art and architecture would be profoundly impacted by this institution. Gropius’s and Adolf Meyer Fagus Factory from 1911 is a early example of his modernist architecture. By utilising reinforced concrete columns to support an all-glass facade, the Fagus Factory revolutionised the construction of buildings and set a new standard for both aesthetic appeal and practicality.
This residential Berlin apartment block below, by Walter Gropius, stands as a testament to the enduring influence of the Bauhaus movement and its modernist principles. In this design, Gropius’s vision for functional, yet aesthetically pleasing architecture is evident.
The building features clean, geometric lines and a lack of ornamental clutter, both hallmark characteristics of modernist architecture.
The structure is defined by its stark utilitarian form, a common feature in modernist designs where the form follows function. The balconies project outward in a rhythmic pattern, providing each residence with outdoor space and enhancing the building’s facade without unnecessary decoration. This pragmatic approach to design ensures that every element of the structure has a purpose, reflecting the Bauhaus ethos of combining beauty with utility.
Image: Andreas Altenburger
Moreover, the use of reinforced concrete in the construction showcases the modernist fascination with new materials and building techniques. Just as the Fagus Factory exemplified the use of glass and steel, this apartment block demonstrates the potential of concrete to redefine urban living spaces. The material allows for the distinctive rounded balconies, showcasing the versatility and creative possibilities of concrete when used in innovative ways.
The color scheme is also notably subdued, with a focus on natural tones that blend with the environment, yet another nod to the Bauhaus preference for simplicity and integration with surroundings. Gropius’s design prioritises light, space, and air, aiming to improve the standard of living through architectural means. The building’s form, with its emphasis on horizontal and vertical lines, creates a harmonious balance, adhering to the minimalist aesthetic while providing a sense of order and clarity.
One of the most recognisable hallmarks of contemporary architecture is the Villa Savoye in Poissy, near Paris, designed by Le Corbusier. Le Corbusier’s knowledge of new materials like reinforced concrete, which he gained expertise with while working with the Perret brothers in Paris, is on full display in the mansion.
The Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Pavilion in Barcelona, is one of the most iconic examples of modernist architecture. Mies van der Rohe’s structures was revolutionary for its time, and it contributed to a newfound feeling of openness and transparency. The linear marble walls of the house are a showcase for Mies van der Rohe’s material prowess, since they are arranged in perfect harmony with the building’s structural cross steel columns. His mastery of uniting glass, steel, and marble into a cohesive, modern architectural masterpiece is on full show.
Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater is a masterpiece. Built over a waterfall, the house seamlessly blends with its natural surroundings and incorporates elements like cantilevered balconies and stone walls. The open plan is what creates this beautiful blending, and the fact that is placed on a waterfall adds a sense of tranquility and harmony to the overall design. The sound of rushing water becomes an integral part of the sensory experience, creating a serene atmosphere that enhances the connection between nature and architecture.
Our perception and interaction with our built environment was changed by modernism’s sleek, high-rise buildings and innovative urban planning. Concerns about the dissolution of social connection and community involvement were among the numerous complaints levelled against modernist architecture. Some also worry that the modernist focus on efficiency and standardisation may stifle innovation in the built environment.
Modernism’s focus on utility and the expression of structure had a significant impact on Brutalism, which is distinguished by its use of raw concrete and harsh, geometric shapes. In contrast, postmodernism was a backlash against modernism’s sterile aesthetic that embraced historical allusions, ornamentation, and a more lighthearted approach to design.
Modernism has had a profound impact on the architectural world, shaping various movements and styles. Its emphasis on functionality, simplicity, and expression of structure has paved the way for diverse and creative urban landscapes. From brutalism to postmodernism, architects have found inspiration in modernist principles while also pushing boundaries and exploring new possibilities in design. This ongoing dialogue between modernism and its successors continues to shape the built environment and contribute to the rich tapestry of architectural diversity we see today.
